Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino acid peptide that plays a role in tissue regeneration and repair. It belongs to the thymosin family of peptides, which influence cellular processes such as cell migration, angiogenesis, and differentiation (Besman et al., 2024; . The primary structure of Tβ4 modulates various physiological processes in different types of cells, impacting both immune responses and wound healing Vasilopoulou et al., 2015) (Sosne et al., 2010; .

Scientific studies have established that Tβ4 possesses a diverse array of biological activities. For example, it promotes the migration of epithelial cells and is crucial in the wound healing process, particularly in the cornea. It achieves this by enhancing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, vital for the remodeling of extracellular matrices during healing Qiu et al., 2007). Additionally, Tβ4 is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties, supporting its function in tissue repair and regeneration (Sosne et al., 2002). The presence of Tβ4 correlates with an increase in various growth factors and cytokines that assist in tissue repair (Sosne et al., 2010; .

In particular, Tβ4 has shown promise in ocular applications, with studies suggesting that it can protect corneal epithelial cells from oxidative damage and inflammation. Its ability to prevent apoptosis in corneal cells subjected to oxidative stress has been documented, highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits in ocular conditions (Ho et al., 2008). This peptide enhances wound healing and modulates inflammatory mediators, making it a candidate for treating various injuries and inflammatory conditions.

Moreover, research into the molecular mechanisms of Tβ4 reveals that it regulates the expression of several genes associated with cell survival, migration, and tissue remodeling, supporting its role in regenerative medicine (Sosne et al., 2010; Qiu et al., 2007). The peptide’s influence on cell dynamics and its capacity to foster a healing environment is consistent across various biological contexts, suggesting that it could be instrumental in developing innovative therapies aimed at enhancing tissue repair across numerous medical fields (Besman et al., 2024; Vasilopoulou et al., 2015).

The interest in Tβ4 extends beyond traditional medical applications; its study within sports medicine has also increased, as there are allegations of its use as a performance-enhancing substance in competitive sports (Esposito et al., 2012; Kwok et al., 2013). Research surrounding Tβ4 aids in understanding its biological functions and exploring its implications in both health and competitive performance contexts.

In summary, Thymosin Beta-4 is a multifaceted peptide notable for its role in wound healing, inflammation modulation, and cellular dynamics. Its functional effects across various tissues demonstrate its potential in developing therapeutic strategies for enhancing regeneration and recovery.